On the how and why behind these changes is a recently published theory, and my own. The queen and bishop gained their stronger powers in the late 1400s, suddenly. It's value was roughly equivalent to a pawn. Movement was limited to only two squares diagonally - no more, no less - meaning each bishop could reach only 8 of the 64 squares. Ironically, despite its lack of such armored bishops, England established the bishop on the board, while France and Germany chose other terminology: respectively, the two regions preferred "fool" and "courier." Despite the disparate nomenclature, however, the bishop's evolution was the same, retaining the weak powers of its preceding elephant piece. Richard of Cornwell, in 1257, mourned that England had no such ‘warlike and mettlesome bishops.’” and took on the feudal tasks of military service … Bishops or abbots accoutered with armor and lance became a frequent sight in Germany and France. “So enmeshed in the feudal web, the Church found herself a political, economic, and military, as well as a religious institution.with feudal rights and obligations … Archbishops, bishops, and abbots received investiture from the king, pledged their fealty to him like other feudatories. In his book The Age of Faith, Will Durant provides the following descriptions of the feudal church: In feudal society, bishops often had political power and were part of the medieval nobility. And while the idea of a warrior bishop was not universal, having a bishop in the chess army might have seemed more natural in medieval times than it does in modern consideration. The animal was not well-known in the Western world at that time, and the elephant piece was phased out and replaced by a more-familiar figure. Queen from first half of twelfth century, Southern Italy, ivory.īishops had entered chess by the mid-1200s, replacing an earlier piece that had represented an elephant. The sudden increase in the queen's powers did not occur for centuries after the piece had appeared in chess sets. This limitation to reach just 32 squares and slowly, the queen piece was weaker than kings, knights, and rooks – all of which had the same moves and abilities as they do today. Empresses, like Theophanu, accompanied their men to the battlefield."īut the first chess queens, like the minister piece that preceded them, were limited to moving only diagonally and only one square at a time. "Medieval queens were expected to wage war, at least by proxy. The author Nancy Marie Brown notes several 10th-century queens who may have inspired the appearance of a fighting queen on the chess board, stating: The 2015 book Ivory Vikings: The Mystery of the Most Famous Chessmen in the World and the Woman Who Made Them is an intriguing treatment on the potential origins of the Isle of Lewis chessmen, and discusses various historical factors surrounding the famous 12th century chess set. This ivory bearded Vizier is from Southern Italy, around the end of the eleventh century. The piece that would become a Queen was the Vizier, a male. Players in those times may have been more accustomed to the idea of a fighting queen, as various lands held several strong queens who sometimes managed troops and military matters. The queen was a medieval addition to the chess board and had entered the game as early as 997, replacing a piece that represented a king’s minister. The history of Western society suggests some answers. Questions are invariably asked on how the queen became chess’ strongest warrior, and how bishops, in modern times considered officers of peace, became soldiers in the chess army. This series will explore some specific rule changes for chess that have evolved over the past few centuries.Ĭlick below for earlier chapters of John McCrary's Evolution of Modern Chess Rules series: Through research into old chess literature, I've made some original discoveries regarding how modern rules and customs have evolved to reach their current state. Inventions are steps in evolution.Ĭhess rules and customs, even today, are constantly evolving. Part of the discussion is semantic, since evolution and invention are two sides of the same coin! Evolution is a series of new inventions that build upon or combine earlier designs. The question of whether chess was invented or evolved from earlier games may never be settled. Former US Chess Federation President John McCrary
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Pasachoff discussed the range of science carried out at eclipses ( Pasachoff, 2009a, b, 2017a, b, 2018a). We use photographic techniques upgraded from earlier drawings and paintings ( Pasachoff and Olson, 2014, 2015). We discussed dynamics in Pasachoff et al. Our observations follow earlier high-resolution imaging in streamers ( Pasachoff et al., 2007, 2009) and in polar plumes ( Pasachoff et al., 2008). The ellipticity is greater at solar minimum, and the flattening index in this 2017 eclipse, as well as those measured for the 20 eclipses, should give indications on the strength of the forthcoming cycle, which follows the declining peak of the recently past cycle and its two predecessors. We were particularly interested in the shape of the corona as part of a synoptic observation set that began early in the previous solar-activity cycle, and linking to older radial-filter observations by Newkirk and others (described with a full set of images in Golub and Pasachoff, 2010, 2014). We coordinated with colleagues 65 min farther along the path of totality, in southern Illinois, in order to be able to calculate velocities of changing coronal features. We took advantage of the unusual-for-us ground access by shipping a variety of telescopes, spectrographs, Lyot-type filters, cameras and telescope-mounts across the country by truck in addition to air shipping of international and other equipment. Our own expedition team included six scientists, 8 undergraduate students, 3 graduate students, and several collaborators at our main scientific site on the campus of Willamette University, Salem, Oregon. As a result, major campaigns of scientific research and of outreach were carried out. The total solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, was the first whose totality crossed only United States territory since the origin of the country, and the first to cross the Continental United States from coast to coast in 99 years. We also monitored the effect of the eclipse penumbra and umbra on the terrestrial atmosphere. Our instruments included refracting telescopes and telephoto lenses for use with CCD detectors and DSLR cameras, narrow-band filters at the wavelengths of coronal emission lines ( 530.3 nm and 637.4 nm), and spectrographs. We report on early results from a suite of instruments for imaging and spectra we deployed to Salem, Oregon, for 2 min of totality at the August 21, 2017, total solar eclipse. 8Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.7Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia.6Dexter Southfield School, Brookline, MA, United States.5Icarus Optomechanics, Thessaloniki, Greece.4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Boulder, CO, United States.3Astronomy Department, Williams College, University of the Andes-Merida, Mérida, Venezuela.2Astronomy Department, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States.1Hopkins Observatory, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States.Seaton 4, Aris Voulgaris 5, Ron Dantowitz 6, Vojtech Rušin 7 and Thanasis Economou 8 Pasachoff 1 *, Christian Lockwood 2, Erin Meadors 2, Ross Yu 2, Cielo Perez 2, Marcos A. 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My strongest suggestion is to read my previous guide, spend 20 bucks and enjoy almost everything that the game can offer within a month or so. I can't argue with people saying that on some (Russians ?) servers one can be a top player and advance to the end-game for less money, but I guess it's only a matter of time until a bunch of rich(er) morons will figure this out :) Sorry…Honestly, I don’t know any better and I don’t really care. Good for you! Maybe somebody spent $20,000 and is not there yet. Maybe somebody spent only $5000 and got to the end-game. My guess of $10,000 is just a ballpark number. If you don’t expect to live that long, consider “pay-to-advance”, but if you plan to spend less than $1000 I strongly suggest that you look into life-extension medicine. Spend nothing, and you will also eventually get there, maybe in 500 years or so. Roughly, about $10 000 will get you at least close to the end-game, quick. About $1000-$3000 will get you where everybody wants to be! One adventure per day will also get you there, but it will take some time. Pets: One can always buy items with chaos particles, chaos particles with gold, and gold and levels with gems. Need 10 heroes for the end-game, overall probably another $5000 in gems will get you there. Given that you can get a few fragments from here and there, my guess is that. However, promoting the heroes to the Red 2 is a different story, probably the Rarity Fair is the only real-time solution. Maybe around $1000 and you will get there within days. My guess is that it will take only about 6 months (depending on events etc.), but the process can be speeded-up dramatically by only a few hundred dollars spent on gems. It is also easy to get to team level 130, by using daily quota of exp/free energy and by buying additional energy with the free gems the game provides. Heroes: The souls are inexpensive (what's $60 for an absolute star hero? Peanuts…) and, sooner or later, they will drop from somewhere. So, about $3000 will get you some max-out titans, and about $5000 will get you the best titan teams money can buy. But to get an absolute star totem (thanks to the bad luck protection guarantee) one needs around 2-3 mil gems (more or less, depending of luck). Titans: The bottle neck are the totems, getting all titans (including supers) at absolute stars and max levels happens sooner or later for everybody. It might be helpful to the people who already spent only a few hundred or only a few thousand dollars, with the “fair” end-game still being nowhere in sight. It is often said that the game is not “pay-to-win”, money will only buy you time (you will get quicker to the end-game level). And where the smartest player (not the richest) wins. This is written especially for the f2p-ers, who are diligently doing their daily chores in the delusional hope to reach the end-game, in which everything is at max level. 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